Assembly of root-associated fungi in different soil layers and nitrogen uptake by ectomycorrhizae in temperate forests
by Anis Mahmud Khokon
Date of Examination:2021-07-01
Date of issue:2021-07-30
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Andrea Polle
Referee:Prof. Dr. Andrea Polle
Referee:Prof. Dr. Christian Ammer
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Description:PhD thesis_Anis Mahmud Khokon
Abstract
English
Fungi are a remarkably highly diverse group of organisms on Earth, playing a pivotal role in ecosystem functioning. Belowground, they act as decomposers, pathogens or symbionts. Members of these functional categories are colonizing roots and have been defined as root-associated fungi. The abundance and distribution patterns of fungal communities are determined by various environmental factors, including soil and root properties, vegetation and climatic conditions. Soil fungal communities are known to be vertically stratified across different soil layers but our knowledge about root-associated fungal assemblages in different soil layers is still limited. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are an important functional group in the root-associated fungal assemblage that can enhance host nutrient uptake. Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient for plant growth but often a growth-limiting factor in temperate forest ecosystems. To date, functional diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi for plant N uptake under natural forest system is not fully understood. Here, I studied the vertical differentiation of root-associated fungi in the organic layer (Oe and Oa) and mineral topsoil (0-10 cm) under the framework of the Biodiversity Exploratories that includes 150 experimental forest plots across three biogeographical regions in Germany. These three biogeographic regions are located in the Schwäbische Alb in south-western, Hainich-Dün in central and Schorfheide-Chorin in north-eastern Germany. Furthermore, I used beech (Fagus sylvatica) as a host to investigate the contribution of distinct ectomycorrhizal fungal taxa in their natural assemblage for N uptake. This thesis is structured in three main research chapters. Chapter one aimed to enhance our understanding of fungal niche partitioning by studying commonalities and differences of assembly processes of root-associated fungi in the organic layer and mineral topsoil. I hypothesised that: i) species richness and relative abundance of symbiotrophic fungi are higher than those of saprotrophic fungi, irrespective of the soil layer; ii) the taxonomic community composition of symbiotrophic and saprotrophic fungi differ significantly between the organic layer and mineral soil and shows lower turnover for symbiotrophic than for saprotrophic fungi between the soil layers; iii) root-associated fungal patterns indicate selection either to soil strata or to climatic-edaphic factors. The results revealed a clear separation of root-associated fungal community composition between soil layers. Saprotrophic fungi showed the highest richness in organic layer and symbiotrophic in mineral soil. Still, symbiotrophic fungi exhibited higher relative sequence abundances than saprotrophic fungi in both soil layers. β-diversity of root-associated fungi was mainly due to turnover between the organic layer and mineral soil and showed regional differences for symbiotrophic and saprotrophic fungi. Regional differences were also found for different phylogenetic levels, i.e., fungal orders and indicator species in the organic layer and mineral soil, supporting that habitat conditions strongly influence the differentiation of root-associated fungal assemblages. Important exceptions were fungal orders that occurred irrespective of the habitat conditions in distinct soil layers across the biogeographic gradient: Russulales and Cantharellales (ectomycorrhizal fungi) were enriched in root-associated fungal assemblages in mineral soil, whereas saprotrophic Polyporales and Sordariales and ectomycorrhizal Boletales were enriched in the organic layer. These results underpin phylogenetic signature for niche partitioning at the rank of fungal orders and suggest that root-associated fungal assembly entails two strategies encompassing flexible and territorial habitat colonization by different fungal taxa. Chapter two aimed to uncover the environmental factors that drive root-associated fungi in the organic layer and mineral soil. Soil and root chemistry as well as tree species were included as potential environmental factors in the analyses. I tested the following hypotheses in the organic layer and mineral topsoil separately: i) tree species identity influences symbiotrophic fungal richness due to fungal host preferences but not that of saprotrophic fungal richness; therefore symbiotrophic fungal richness increases with tree species richness, while saprotrophic fungi remain unaffected; ii) symbiotrophic fungal richness increases with increasing root nutrient resources, while saprotrophic fungal richness increases with soil nutrient resources. The results revealed that tree species richness positively influenced the richness of all fungi, symbiotrophic and saprotrophic in mineral soil but not in the organic layer. Among the tree species, only Tilia showed significant influence on saprotrophic fungal richness in the organic layer. In contrast, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Picea abies and Quercus robur showed significant positive effect on symbiotrophic and Fraxinus excelsior on saprotrophic fungal richness in mineral soil. Root and soil resource index showed positive relationships with the richness of symbiotrophic and saprotrophic fungi in mineral soil. Variance partitioning showed that only 5% of the variation was explained for symbiotrophic and saprotrophic fungal richness in the organic layer but about 68% was explained for symbiotrophic richness and 24% for saprotrophic richness in the mineral soil with the significant contributions of the variables soil resource index, root resource index, tree species richness and main tree species on the plot. Overall, these results suggest that the relationship of root-associated fungal richness with vegetation and nutrient resources vary in different habitat conditions. Forest floor strongly overrules the effects of tree species and nutrient resources on root-associated fungal richness in temperate forests. Chapter three aimed to investigate whether functional diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi determines beech N uptake in temperate forest. I tested the following hypotheses: i) ectomycorrhizal taxon-specific identity drives beech N uptake; alternatively, ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity plays a significant role in beech N uptake (ii) intraspecific 15N enrichment of ectomycorrhizal fungal species shows significant differences for NH4+ and NO3-. The results indicated that both beech ectomycorrhizal root tips and root segments do not discriminate between the offered inorganic N sources. NH4+ derived 15N was always more enriched compared to NO3- derived 15N in ectomycorrhizal root tips and beech root segments. Significant differences in interspecific 15N enrichment occurred among different ectomycorrhizal fungal species for both NH4+ and NO3-. Despite a strong interspecific variation in 15N enrichment among the ectomycorrhizal fungi species, no species were identified that had substantial effects on beech N uptake but beech root N uptake increased with increasing ectomycorrhizal fungal diversity. Overall, these results suggest that it is more beneficial for beech N uptake to have a high diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi than few species fostering high N uptake.
Keywords: Forest Ecology; Microbiology; Biodiversity; Fungal diversity; Ectomycorrhizal fungi; Plant N uptake; Temperate forest; Root fungi in different soil layers