Low-Voltage Electrowetting on Dielectrics Integrated and Investigated with Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (LV-EWOD-EIS)
by Yingjia Li
Date of Examination:2018-08-07
Date of issue:2018-10-18
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Andreas Janshoff
Referee:Prof. Dr. Andreas Janshoff
Referee:Prof. Dr. Philipp Vana
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Abstract
English
Electrowetting on dielectrics (EWOD) is an electrically controllable wetting effect, that has been applied in diverse fields including optics, displays and lab on a chip systems. However, the further development of EWOD applications and the online electrical characterization of EWOD are hindered by one major bottleneck, the need for high operating voltages. Due to the importance of overcoming this critical obstacle and better understanding the EWOD effect, a low-voltage EWOD electrode was developed in this thesis. It is based on a dielectric bilayer consisting of an anodic tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) thin film with a high relative permittivity and a self-assembled hydrophobic silane monolayer. By means of this novel EWOD electrode, low-voltage EWOD was achieved. It shows a low voltage threshold of 2 V that enabled the integration of EWOD with electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A further association with a high-speed imaging instrument facilitated the simultaneous EWOD excitation, optical imaging and impedimetric measurement using either frequency-domain EIS or dynamic EIS. This paved the way to online investigate the frequency dependence of EWOD on the application of alternating voltages as well as the non-linearity and dynamics of EWOD and dewetting. The EWOD configuration is an aqueous electrolyte droplet of μL volume on the low-voltage EWOD electrode in oil as the ambient medium. Between the droplet and the electrode, an oil layer of nm thickness is entrapped. Its thickness was determined during EWOD and dewetting. The frequency dependence of EWOD was studied with the focus on the Young-Lippmann equation, the fundamental equation of electrowetting theory, and its adaptions to account for the application of alternating voltages. The frequency dependence of the three EWOD-related variables in the equation was studied at various measurement conditions (applied voltage and salt concentration). The EWOD efficiency on the application of alternating voltages was assessed by a correlation coefficient introduced in the equation. Moreover, the non-linearity of EWOD and dewetting was characterized by the hysteresis in the deformation of the droplet and that of the entrapped oil layer. The characteristic time for the droplet deformation was determined to evaluate the dynamics of EWOD and dewetting. For the first time, both non-linearity and dynamics of EWOD and dewetting on the novel lowvoltage EWOD electrode were studied with dynamic EIS with the focus on the conversion efficiency of the electric potential energy in the deformation processes.
Keywords: electrowetting on dielectrics; EWOD; electrical impedance spectroscopy; EIS; Young-Lippmann equation; tantalum pentoxide; hydrophobic silane; μL-droplets; entrapped oil layer