Essays on Social Preferences in the Contexts of Donations, Migration, Religious Worship and Insurance
by Karla Henning
Date of Examination:2019-01-25
Date of issue:2019-02-04
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Stephan Klasen
Referee:Prof. Dr. Michael Grimm
Referee:Prof. Dr. Marcela Ibáñez
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Abstract
English
This cumulative dissertation contributes to a growing literature that analyses how real-world contexts affect behavior. It consists of five independent research papers, shedding light on different aspects of individual and social preferences in the contexts of donations, migration, religious worship, and insurance. The introductory Chapter I discusses underlying theories and concepts of the different types of social preferences analyzed in the research papers as well as strengths and limitations of the methodologies applied. Chapter II examines preferences regarding the marketing of charitable giving. Based on a survey-experiment, we analyze, whether advertising the scientific soundness of an aid project or the quality of an aid organization influences donation behavior compared to a standard emotional appeal. Based on survey experiments at three Universities in Austria and Germany (n = 578), we find a significant increase of donations for the treatment group that received the information that the project was positively evaluated using a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT). The study does not reveal any significant effect regarding a seal of quality. Our results highlight that charity organizations can benefit from backing their credibility and raise their external funding by rigorously evaluated projects. Chapter III examines the acceptance levels of hypothetical migrants, i.e. asylum seekers with different motivations underlying their decision to migrate to Austria. In a survey-experiment conducted with students at the University of Innsbruck (n=686) in 2015 – at the peak period of the proclaimed “refugee crisis”- we tested different treatments covering political, economic and environmental reasons for migration. The major finding shows the highest acceptance rates for political migrants, closely succeeded by externally-induced environmental migrants. Determining characteristics shaping the decisions are gender, political party affiliation and expectations as well as perceptions about the migrants’ behavior, integration and impact on the hosting society. Chapters IV and V provide novel lab-in-the-field experiments based on original data collections in Ethiopia and the Philippines. Chapter IV investigates how attendance at public religious worship affects certain aspects of pro-social and anti-social behavior. Our study provides a novel methodology to identify a “worship effect”, by comparing behavior before and after attendance of a religious service, measured in different samples in a field experiment. We conducted our experiment with 371 Orthodox Christian participants in two cities in Ethiopia, providing an appropriate setting for a study on religion given the religious diversity prevalent in that country. We show that religiously motivated discrimination exists, but participation in religious rituals promotes equal treatment of religious in-group (Christian) and out-group (Muslim) members, in terms of the amount donated in a simple experimental game that measures pro-social behavior. Chapter V tests the impact of insurance on solidarity transfers in two behavioral experiments in rural parts of the Philippines. Our investigation is led by the hypothesis that informal transfers of solidarity might be crowded out with the introduction of formal insurance products.. Overall, the findings of this paper suggest that only strategic, non-intrinsic motives are crowded-out by insurance. Finally, Chapter VI provides causal evidence that formal insurance competes with already existing informal mechanisms in the form of remittance networks. Given the widespread availability of remittances this helps to explain low take-up rates of formal insurance. Data comes from rural Indonesia, regularly experiencing disastrous tropical storms. In an instrumental variable design that allows household income and remittances to be jointly determined, we show that remittances are used as informal insurance mechanism.
Keywords: Social Preferences; Behavioural Experiments; Survey Experiment; Migration; Donations; Religion; Insurance