Process optimization of thermal modification of Chilean Eucalyptus nitens plantation wood
by Maximilian Wentzel
Date of Examination:2019-01-29
Date of issue:2019-02-22
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Holger Militz
Referee:PD Dr. Christian Brischke
Referee:Prof. Dr. Carsten Mai
Referee:Prof. Dr. Andrea Polle
Referee:Prof. Dr. Christian Ammer
Referee:Prof. Dr. Dr. František Hapla
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Abstract
English
Eucalyptus nitens is one of the most important fast growing plantation species in Chile. Currently it is mostly used for pulp and paper, but in recent years there has been a growing market for solid wood products to increase the economic returns, and an increasing interest on producing high quality materials from this species. Thermal modification technologies show potential to produce high quality material and have been used for other eucalypt species. Temperatures vary between 150 and 240°C and the limitation of oxygen content in the process is the most common feature of the thermal modifications currently available on the market. Main differences are the shielding gases used (steam or nitrogen for example) and the pressure applied to open or closed processes. Open processes work under atmospheric pressure, mostly use superheated steam, and are considered “dry processes”, as the wood moisture content (MC) decreases considerably during the process. Closed systems enable elevated pressure levels during the modification, which makes the modification process faster. They are considered “wet/moist processes”, as the MC during the process is higher than in the closed system. The elevated MC, in conjunction with the accumulation of carboxylic acids in the wood, has been suggested as the main cause of the accelerated degradation of the wood during these processes. However, it still remains unclear if the properties of thermally modified wood from open and closed processes are significantly different. These differences need to be explored to avoid the use of thermally modified wood with properties that do not fit for specific products or applications. To further understand the mechanism and the differences between these two types of modifications and to analyse the potential of E. nitens as thermally modified wood, the material was modified in a closed system under elevated pressure generated by steam and controlled relative humidity (30 and 100% RH) at temperatures between 150 and 170°C, and in an open system with a standard thermal modification procedure under saturated steam between 160 and 230°C. The chemical composition (hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin, extractives, acetic acid, formic acid, total phenols, cellulose degree of polymerization and degree of crystallinity) was measured. Selected mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), resistance to impact milling (RIM) and deflection and work in bending) were assessed and the influence of the chemical changes on these properties was analysed. Changes in wood anatomy during modification were examined and the reversible and irreversible effects of the hygroscopicity were investigated. All these properties were compared using the corrected mass loss (CML), which is the oven dry mass loss of extractive free wood, to analyse the differences/similarities between both thermal modification processes. The chemical changes made it possible to differentiate between open and closed system modifications, as the strongest differences between the modifications were specifically the hemicelluloses (xyloses), acid content and cellulose degree of polymerization. Even if the mechanical and anatomical properties showed no significant differences between the open and closed processes, MOR showed a strong correlation with those chemical changes, influencing the deflection and work in bending. These differences could be clearly be seen when comparing open and closed system modifications with similar CML. The differences between open and closed systems were also noticeable in the reversible changes in equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and volumetric swelling (Smax) after continuous water soaking cycles. These cycles partially lessened the reduction in EMC and Smax after the modification processes. This is related in the open system modification to the removal of the drying related effects of amorphous polymers, while the removal of the cell wall bulking effect was the main effect in the closed system modifications at high RH. These effects also influence the mechanical and chemical properties of the modified wood. It was shown in an experimental run that thermally modified E. nitens wood has the potential to be used for decking material, as it fulfils all the requirements regarding the surface hardness, anti-swelling efficiency (ASE), EMC, volumetric swelling, and abrasion resistance to be used as decking material. Overall, the results obtained in this study can be used as guidelines for the selection of the type of modification to be used for this species, which will depend on the desired properties of the final product and the quantity of material to be produced.
Keywords: Eucalyptus; thermally modified wood; mass loss; open system modification; closed system modification; extractives; structural polymers; modulus of elasticity (MOE); modulus of rupture (MOR); equilibrium moisture content (EMC); swelling