Molekular-genetische Prädiktoren der Toxizität einer neo-adjuvanten Radiochemotherapie am Beispiel des Rektumkarzinoms
Molecular genetic predictors of the toxicity of neo-adjuvant chemoradiotherapy on the example of rectal cancer
by Caroline Patricia Nadine Mergler
Date of Examination:2019-02-27
Date of issue:2019-02-22
Advisor:PD Dr. Markus Schirmer
Referee:Prof. Dr. Torsten Liersch
Referee:Prof. Dr. Margarete Schön
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Abstract
English
In Germany, around 20,000 people per year are diagnosed with rectal cancer. Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (N-RCT) has been established for routine treatment of cancers located in the lower and middle third of the rectum. The multimodel regimen with N-RCT followed by surgery and eventual further adjuvant chemotherapy achieves excellent local control. In some patients, however, significant side effects occur. The aim of my thesis was the identification of biomarkers for acute and late toxicities observed in the irradiated areas as there are yet no established robust predictors for this clinical situation. As an important factor for radiogenic toxicity, the TGFB signaling pathway is considered. It is believed that variations in genes of this pathway contribute significantly to the individually variable radiosensitivity. Thus, I investigated inherited germ line polymorphisms and gene transcription alterations in seven key genes of this signaling pathway in relation to acute and late toxicities of neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy for rectal cancer. The clinical cohort consisted of 164 subjects, divided into a training set of 88 and a test set of 76. They all had presented with rectal cancer of stage UICC II or III. Acute (up to 90 days after radiochemotherapy) toxicity was considered as the maximum item of proctitis, enteritis, cystitis and dermatitis, each scored according to common toxicity criteria (CTC) from grade 0 (lowest) to 4 (highest). Late toxicity was likewise assessed using LENT-SOMA scale considering sequelae at the rectal area, the urinary bladder or the locoregional skin. A total of 74 germline polymorphisms were analyzed from peripheral blood DNA samples of the study participants. These polymorphisms represent the genetic variability with at least 5% minor allele frequency in the general population of the seven genes TGFB1, TGFBR1, TGFBR2, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD4 and SMAD7. In ex vivo simulation of neoadjuvant radiocheotherapy (N-RCT), treatment-related effects on gene transcription of the previously mentioned seven genes were quantified in 48 patient-derived fibroblast lines. Hereto, the clinical protocol was modified to five consecutive days of irradiation with concomitant exposure to 5-fluorouracil followed by seven days wash out. Analyses of genotypes with clinical phenotypes revealed three markers in the training and test set associated with the risk of at least moderate radiogenic toxicity ≥ ° 2, also after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, disease stage and type of chemotherapy: the proline allele of Arg25Pro in the signal peptide of TGFβ1 and two intronic SNPs in SMAD3 and SMAD7. With respect to severe or life-threatening acute reactions (°3 or °4), a strong association with the mentioned SMAD7-SNP (odds ratio 6.3, 95% confidence interval 2.2-18.2, P=0.001) was observed. The risk of late toxicity was not statistically significantly altered for any of the investigated gene polymorphisms. During the five-day irradiation phase of the ex vivo simulated N-RCT in fibroblasts an induction of the stimulatory SMAD2 and SMAD3 was noticed, however returning to baseline after one week wash-out. Transcription of the inhibitory SMAD7 started during the irradiation and then continued to increase. Interestingly, the lower the induction of SMAD7 at the end of the ex vivo irradiation, the more pronounced was the acute toxicity of the respective patients. The results of this dissertation suggest an influence of genetic and transcriptional factors of the TGFβ signaling pathway for acute radiogenic toxicity under the conditions of N-RCT of patients with rectal cancer. Thereby, SMAD7 as the endogenous inhibitor of TGFβ signaling may be of particular significance: an association with acute clinical toxicity was found both for a germ line polymorphism and for transcriptional alterations under ex vivo irradiation. In fact, these two markers were linked together: the induction of SMAD7 under irradiation was dependent on the denoted SMAD7 polymorphism. Thus, the initially observed association of clinical acute toxicity with a genetic variant could be confirmed by functional investigations. This makes a prospective study promising, in which pre-therapeutic genotyping of the suggested SMAD7 gene variant, in addition to the two in TGFβ1 and SMAD3, should be performed and tested in relation to acute toxicity occurring during N-RCT. Further molecular genetic investigations, like for example targeted manipulation of SMAD7 transcription or its monitoring under irradiation, could contribute to mechanistic clarifications and may provide a basis to enhance patient safety in future.
Keywords: acute toxicity; polimorphism; radiochemotherapy; Rectal cancer; TGFB1