The Moral Permissibility of Killing in War: An Experimental Approach to the Moral Judgment of Side-Effect and Defensive Killing
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2022-08-22
Date of issue:2022-09-05
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Michael R. Waldmann
Referee:Prof. Dr. Michael R. Waldmann
Referee:Prof. Dr. Margarete Boos
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Abstract
English
In wars combatants face situations that challenge their moral compass. They may, for example, have to decide whether to pursue military victories to protect their community at the cost of harming innocents. They must also consider how far they are allowed to push their moral limits to protect their own lives. The moral permissibility of acting in such situations can be determined in accordance with just war theory, an ethical framework that brings together principles concerning the legitimacy of the declaration of war and the morality of military conduct. The present dissertation draws on just war theory and moral psychology to investigate the cognitive factors and mechanisms influencing people's judgments of the moral permissibility of killing people under different circumstances. The dissertation seeks to establish whether people's moral judgments align with the principles of just war theory. The first set of experiments focused on whether causal features of actions influence the assessment of the moral permissibility of killing. Philosophers have sometimes claimed that harm to civilians is permissible only in limited circumstances, such as when the harm is a side-effect of legitimate military actions. However, this restriction may not apply to soldiers because of their duty to risk their lives to save others. To test this hypothesis, I investigated in a first set of experiments whether the causal features of acts of war interacts with the status as combatants versus civilians. The second set of experiments explored moral judgments about collective and individual defensive killing in war. Three experiments investigated whether people consider the collective reasons for waging war as a moral criterion for judging the moral permissibility of killing combatants and civilians on the enemy's side. The research also studied people's judgments about situations in which killing is carried out in self-defense.
Keywords: war, moral psychology, moral judgment, just war theory, doctrine of double effect, locus of intervention, legitimate self-defense