In-vitro- und In-vivo-Untersuchungen zum Gemcitabinmetabolismus von Makrophagen im Duktalen Adenokarzinom des Pankreas
In vitro and in vivo studies on gemcitabine metabolism by macrophages in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
by Sören Matthias Buchholz
Date of Examination:2022-09-27
Date of issue:2022-09-26
Advisor:Dr. Albrecht Prof Neeße
Referee:Dr. Albrecht Prof Neeße
Referee:Prof. Dr. Michael Zeisberg
Referee:Prof. Dr. Matthias Dobbelstein
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Abstract
English
Despite great scientific and clinical efforts, pancreatic cancer still has a fatal prognosis. In addition to the usually late diagnosis, this is mainly due to the tumour's resistance to chemotherapy. Gemcitabine and nab-Paclitaxel, together with the FOLFIRINOX therapy regimen, are the most established protocols in the therapy of non-resectable pancreatic carcinoma. In recent years, the role of the tumour microenvironment in chemotherapy resistance has increasingly come to the fore. There are many indications that the tumour stroma not only forms a biophysical barrier, but primarily contributes to chemotherapy resistance through epigenetic and metabolic processes. Our research group has already shown that cancer-associated fibroblasts take up gemcitabine and thus reduce its availability to the tumour. Macrophages form the largest cell population in pancreatic adenocarcinoma; a gemcitabine-metabolising effect has not yet been investigated for them. In this study, the extent to which human and murine macrophages take up and metabolise gemcitabine was first investigated in vitro using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Subsequently, the effect of this metabolisation on human and murine pancreatic carcinoma cells was analysed by means of co-culture experiments. In addition, the effect of macrophage depletion by liposomal clodronate on gemcitabine therapy was investigated using the KC and KPC mouse model. Mass spectrometry showed that human and murine macrophages take up, partially inactivate and partially accumulate gemcitabine. This leads to an increased viability of tumour cells after incubation of gemcitabine on macrophages. A comparable effect cannot be shown for 5-FU and paclitaxel. A combination of gemcitabine with liposomal clodronate showed no significant clinical differences in the KPC mouse model compared to treatment with gemcitabine alone. Histologically, an increase in the proportion of Cleaved-Caspase-3-positive cells showed a significant increase in apoptosis rate, while cell proliferation measured by Ki-67 staining was unchanged. However, long-term treatment of KC mice with liposomal clodronate resulted in the formation of ascites. Our experiments showed that macrophages take up and metabolise gemcitabine and their depletion in vivo leads to a better response of gemcitabine. Other studies show other positive effects of depleting macrophages, such as less metastasis and an improved immune response to the tumour. Macrophages are part of the largest cell population in pancreatic cancer. Their depletion, combined with classical chemotherapy, is a promising approach that will be tested in clinical trials in the near future.
Keywords: pancreatic cancer; macrophage; chemoresistance; tumor microenvironment