Dynamics and effects of nitrogen in European forest ecosystems
Dynamik und Auswirkungen von Stickstoff in den Waldökosystemen Europas
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2023-06-26
Date of issue:2023-10-23
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Andreas Bolte
Referee:Prof. Dr. Andreas Bolte
Referee:Prof. Dr. Norbert Lamersdorf
Referee:Prof. Dr. Heinz Flessa
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Abstract
English
Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) emissions drastically altered the global N cycle over the 20th century. Activities associated with N emissions, such as intensive agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels, greatly increased human well-being. At the same time, the numerous environmental impacts of elevated N availability became apparent. In Europe, N deposition decreased by 36% between 1990 and 2018 due to clean air policies and economic transformation but is in many regions still at a high level. Europe’s forests are an important receptor for N emissions, due to their large land use share and efficient filtering of air pollutants by the tree canopies. An understanding of the responses of forest ecosystems to the decrease in N deposition is important for an effects-based monitoring of clean air policies as well as from a forest ecology perspective. While previous studies reported on specific aspects and areas, the first part of this dissertation provides a European perspective, covering responses to decreasing N deposition of several forest ecosystem parameters. In addition to understanding the responses of forests to N deposition, quantifying the magnitude of N inputs to forests remained challenging, because particulate and gaseous N deposition on the canopies is difficult to measure directly. However, the enforcement of clean air policy and the development of nutrient-sustainable forest management strategies require reliable data on atmospheric deposition. Therefore, the second and third part of this dissertation focus on uncertainties in commonly used methods for calculating N deposition with respect to potential improvements of accuracy. In the first study, we addressed the question of whether Europe’s forest ecosystems have already responded to the decrease in N deposition since the 1990s. We reviewed observational and experimental studies covering the domains of soil acidification and eutrophication, understory vegetation, tree nutrition (foliar element concentrations), tree vitality, and tree growth. Results were generally very heterogeneous, likely linked to the spatial heterogeneity in levels and trends of N deposition across Europe. For soil solution nitrate concentrations, we found moderate indication for a response (decrease), likely related to the reduction of N deposition. For tree nutrition (foliar N concentrations), several studies reported negative (decreasing) trends for beech, oak, and some for spruce. Further research is required to clarify whether this trend is caused by the reduction of N deposition or by an increase in foliar mass due to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations (“dilution effect”). Several studies report increasing nutrient imbalances (e.g. N:P), which highlights the necessity for incorporating aspects of nutrient sustainability into the planning of biomass removal from forests. We did not find an indication of a large-scale response of understory vegetation, tree growth, or tree vitality to the decrease of N deposition in Europe. Both observational and experimental studies suggest that some forest ecosystem parameters react faster (e.g. soil solution), some slower (e.g. understory vegetation) to changes in N supply. Current and expected future levels of emission reduction are likely insufficient to cause widespread responses. In a second study, we addressed the question to what extent N deposition estimates from large-scale spatial models (“emission-based method” EBM) match with in-situ measurements of N deposition. EBM data is regularly required for the enforcement of clean air policy, for example in licensing procedures for N-emitting facilities. Using Germany as a case study, we compared N deposition estimates from the EBM provided by the German Environment Agency to estimates from two methods based on local measurements at around 100 German intensive forest monitoring stations (“canopy budget model” CBM and “inferential method” IFM). We found that in-situ measurements yield on average 2 kg N ha-1 a-1 (CBM) to 6 kg N ha-1 a-1 (IFM) higher N deposition rates compared to the EBM (average deposition rate at the German intensive forest monitoring stations according to the EBM is 18 kg N ha-1 a-1 ). While a good agreement was found for wet deposition (WD), the EBM provided lower dry deposition (DD) estimates at stronger polluted plots. Differences were most pronounced at spruce plots and partly linked to meteorological variables. Further reductions of the uncertainty inherent in all three methods are required to provide reliable information for clean air policy and forest management decisions. In a third study, we covered one aspect of uncertainty in the CBM method. Specifically, we examined the assumption that the potassium-to-sodium ratios (K+ :Na +) in WD and DD are equal. Due to the lack of long-term direct DD measurements for forests, we simulated the DD of K+ (DDK ) and Na+ (DDNa ) with a process-oriented model. Simulations were performed based on six years of daily PM 2.5 and PM 10 measurements at the air quality monitoring station "Melpitz" in rural Germany. We found that the average K+:Na+ ratio in simulated DD was 0.4 - 0.43 (depending on assumed forest receptor properties). This exceeded the K+ :Na+ ratio in WD measured at the Melpitz station (0.24) by a correction factor of 1.66 - 1.77. Due to uncertainties in the DD simulation approach, we consider our results as an indication, but not evidence, for an underestimation of DDK by the CBM. Applying the correction factors at five intensive forest monitoring plots in the same region as the Melpitz station did not result in relevant changes in the calculated N deposition (maximum change in N deposition: 2%). We conclude that the simplifying assumption of similar substance ratios in DD and WD underlying the CBM was potentially relevant in the context of nutrient sustainability (K+ deposition rates), but not for the calculation of N deposition. Further research is required to test whether these results generalize to regions with different atmospheric conditions.
Keywords: Nitrogen; Forest; Deposition; Canopy budget model; ICP Forests; Base cations