Presuppositions at the Semantics-Pragmatics Interface
Experimental Studies on Their Classification, Acquisition and Cross-Linguistic Comparison
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2023-04-26
Date of issue:2024-03-11
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Markus Steinbach
Referee:Prof. Dr. Markus Steinbach
Referee:Dr. Mailin Antomo
Referee:Prof. Dr. Hannes Rakoczy
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Abstract
English
While in traditional semantic accounts, presuppositions are widely accepted to be conceptualized as truth value preconditions, in most pragmatic accounts, they are considered to be a set of information that is normally or at least can be assumed as part of the common ground (see a.o. Frege 1892; Strawson 1950; Stalnaker 1972; Heim 1991; Stalnaker 1998 and summaries in e.g. Levinson 1983c; Beaver et al. 2021). Reviewing investigations of the last decades, one important observation is that although presuppositions are sorted into one category of projective meaning, they do not always behave uniformly but can have heterogeneous projection strength in certain contexts (see a.o. Karttunen 1971b; Simons 2001; Abusch 2002; Charlow 2009; Karttunen 2016). Addressing the heterogeneity of presuppositions, various theories have been proposed in order to discuss the necessity of their classification and criteria for it (see a.o. Zeevat 1992; Abusch 2010; Tonhauser et al. 2013; Abrusán 2016; Klinedinst 2016; Tonhauser et al. 2018). The classification issue remains highly controversial and is, therefore, at the heart of this dissertation. Of the variety of theories regarding this issue, I will explore mainly two: the first one is a distinction of soft and hard triggers, in a wider sense than firstly proposed by Abusch (2002, 2010), whereas the second one is rooted in the concept of at-issueness (see e.g. Simons et al. 2010; Tonhauser et al. 2018). The second main research concern of this dissertation is the acquisition of presuppositions in both first and second languages, i.e. the acquisition among children and among nonnative adult speakers. As there are only few cross-linguistic comparisons of presuppositions, and the comparisons are mainly made between European languages (see e.g. Amaral and Cummins 2015; Schwarz et al. 2020; Reins et al. 2021), the last main concern of my research addresses the universality of the properties and heterogeneity of presuppositions. These three main research concerns are further divided into five main research questions. Their aims are, inter alia, to verify the classification by testing the trigger split with regard to at-issueness, to apply the classification by measuring and sorting other triggers with typical soft and hard triggers functioning as anchors, to investigate the acquisition of the trigger distinction and at-issueness in first and second languages, and to assess the potential cross-linguistic stability of projection behaviors between German and Chinese. These research questions were investigated by means of three experiments, in which the comparisons took place between German adults and preschool children, native and nonnative speakers of German, and native speakers of Chinese and German, respectively. In the first two experiments, video stimuli were used and participants were asked to judge the acceptability of soft and hard triggers whose presuppositions are forced to be at-issue or remain not-at-issue. In the third experiment, a paper-and-pencil questionnaire was used and the projection strength of presuppositions in Chinese and German was measured by the certainty judgment task (Tonhauser et al. 2018). The most relevant findings can be summarized as follows: firstly, presuppositions of hard triggers are significantly less suitable for being at-issue than those of soft triggers. This observation might indicate that the explanations for the soft-hard split and at-issueness, although based on very different assumptions, can be combined, namely via the concept of local accommodation. Secondly, the sub-class of soft triggers is more heterogeneous than most theories have predicted so far, and their softness might result from different mechanisms. This observation may illustrate that the soft-hard split may rather describe a contrast between triggers with less typical and typical presuppositions. Thirdly, although less sensitive than adults, preschool children are aware of at-issueness violations and the trigger split. This observation also confirms the importance of the developmental stage between 4 and 6 years of age. Fourthly, nonnative speakers are also aware of at-issueness violations and the trigger split but less sensitive than native speakers. Interestingly, their deviation in sensitivity from the native speakers was only significant for the hard triggers but not for the soft ones, challenging the uniform approach of soft triggers and scalar implicatures (Chemla 2008; Romoli 2014). Last but not least, the empirical results suggest that the projection behavior of presuppositions is stable between Chinese and German, providing a partial answer to the universality issue and a cross-linguistic baseline for intercultural pragmatic studies in the future. Methodologically, the empirical research in this dissertation highlights the relevance of contrastive pragmatics and provides some interesting information for further research, such as for the item drafting in experiments with children as participants.
Keywords: presuppositions; soft-hard distinction; at-issueness; language acquisition; L2 pragmatics; cross-linguistic comparison; experimental pragmatics; contrastive pragmatics