Analyse der ARHGAP29-abhängigen Signalisierung der Invasion von Mammakarzinomzellen
Analysis of ARHGAP29-dependent signaling in breast cancer cell invasion
by Maike Kansy
Date of Examination:2024-04-18
Date of issue:2024-04-08
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Carsten Gründker
Referee:Prof. Dr. Carsten Gründker
Referee:Prof. Dr. Heidi Hahn
Referee:Prof. Dr. Thomas Meyer
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Abstract
English
Despite expanded early detection examinations and improved treatment options, breast cancer remains the most common cause of death from cancer in women worldwide. Fundamental to the development of innovative therapies is an understanding of mechanisms and signaling pathways that play a role in the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. Rho GTPases and their modulating proteins, such as GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) often show increased expression in malignant tumors. In breast cancer RhoA and RhoC were found to be overexpressed. RhoA is attributed both tumor-suppressive and oncogenic properties while RhoC shows a central role in tumor progression. ARHGAP29 (a GTPase-activating protein) is also overexpressed in mesenchymal-transformed breast cancer cells and in aggressive triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Using immunofluorescence on a tissue microarray (TMA) with tissue samples from benign mammary gland and breast cancer tissue we showed an increased expression of ARHGAP29 in carcinoma tissue compared to normal mammary gland tissue. Furthermore, there were indications of a possible correlation between high ARHGAP29 expression and advanced tumor stage. In addition to its possible function as a prognostic marker, an influence of ARHGAP29 on invasion of breast cancer cells has been described in literature. The underlying signaling pathways have not yet been clarified. In earlier studies AKT1 was identified as a possible interaction partner. To identify further signaling pathways around ARHGAP29, breast cancer cell lines HCC1806, T-47D-EMT and MCF-7-EMT were examined using transient siRNA transfection, western blot analysis and spheroid invasion assay focusing on possible signaling pathways between ARHGAP29, RhoC and pAKT1. Knockdown of ARHGAP29 indicated a rather indirect interaction between ARHGAP29 and RhoC using for example feedback mechanisms. Effects on the activity of AKT were clearer. Knockdown of RhoC led to a decreased expression of pAKT1 (the active form of AKT1), while the expression of pAKT1 did not change after knockdown of ARHGAP29. Earlier publications had shown a decreased expression of the inactive form (= AKT1) after ARHGAP29 knockdown. Whether a reduced invasion of ARHGAP29-reduced spheroids in the invasion assay is related to altered activity of AKT1 therefore remains unclear. A knockdown of RhoC in the spheroid assay led to only a slight decrease in invasion but showed a more pronounced reversibility by activation of AKT1 using synthetic AKT-activator SC79 than the spheroids in ARHGAP29 knockdown. This matches the results of knockdown of RhoC resulting in a decreased pAKT1 expression. Overall signaling pathways surrounding Rho GTPases and AKT appear to be subject to great complexity and context dependency. Therefore further research is needed to break down the exact signaling pathways involving ARHGAP29.
Keywords: ARHGAP29; triple negative breast cancer; rho GTPases; breast cancer; epithelial mesenchymal transition; EMT; ARHGAP 29; GTPase activating proteins; invasion; AKT1; RhoC