Causes and consequences of female competition in redfronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons)
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2023-10-17
Date of issue:2024-04-19
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Peter M. Kappeler
Referee:Prof. Dr. Peter M. Kappeler
Referee:Dr. Damien Farin
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Abstract
English
Competition among female mammals appears to be much more widespread than previously thought, and it can take on extreme forms, including eviction and even death. Nevertheless, female competition has only recently been acknowledged as a pervasive mechanism of sexual selection and it remains understudied in comparison to male competition, so that its causes, mechanisms, and consequences remain comparatively poorly understood. Although research on female competition in the light of sexual selection has been accumulating over the past years, most studies examine patterns of female competition isolated from other aspects of sociality such as reproductive interests of males or without consideration of multiple causes. Particularly rare and infrequent mechanisms of female competition such as female evictions have so far only been studied in a few species. In this thesis, I studied causes and consequences of female competition in redfronted lemurs (Eulemur rufifrons), a primate species endemic to Madagascar where evictions have been previously documented. I aimed to understand demographic circumstances favouring female-female competition, causes of conflict, trade-offs with kin selection, and interactions with male reproductive strategies. In addition, I examined potential consequences of evictions on social structures of groups. Based on 24 years of demographic data and 6 years of behavioural observation and hormonal data of known individuals, I showed that female redfronted lemurs targeted close female kin for forcible, permanent, and presumably lethal eviction, even though groups contain multiple unrelated males. I identified limited group size as the main driver for departures of individuals of both sexes from groups and showed that male emigrations and female evictions are therefore not independent of each other. While female evictions were more likely at higher numbers of juvenile females, male emigrations were more likely when the proportion of adult males to adult females was increased. In addition, I found that infant survival decreased with number of juvenile females present. I could show that despite increased glucocorticoid levels, agonism levels in both sexes were not related to resource availability or reproductive season. The fact that female competition did not seem to be linked to immediate competition for food resources or access to mates, suggests that the mechanisms of female evictions in redfronted lemurs might be an evolutionary stable strategy that is aimed at longer-term benefits. Beyond this, the social structure of groups seemed to be unaffected by group member loss. Together, these three chapters create a comprehensive portrait of an extreme case of female competition. They highlight the importance of conducting integrative studies that consider all group members to create a more complete picture of what causes competition in females and how it can form a species’ social organization. It further highlights the importance of long-term studies to facilitate the detection and quantification of sporadically occurring mechanisms of female competition.
Keywords: female competition; lemurs; eviction