Characterising the Baobab Industry: Informality and Innovation Capacity
Cumulative thesis
Date of Examination:2024-03-11
Date of issue:2024-04-23
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Carola Paul
Referee:Prof. Dr. Carola Paul
Referee:Prof. Dr. Dietrich Darr
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Abstract
English
Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) processing and marketing is a promising non-timber forest product (NTFP)-based industry with immense socioeconomic value, and a demonstrable circular bioeconomy potential. However, the continuous realisation of these roles, performance and growth is beleaguered by high level of informality, and low productivity and innovation performance of the micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) engaged in its commercialisation. Addressing these challenges calls for context-specific investigation recognising that NTFPs-based MSMEs are heterogenous and thus require a nuanced understanding of the challenges and devising of contextually relevant solutions. Yet, context- specific investigations of these challenges have overly focused on the timber industry while, those involving NTFPs have centred on governance, socioeconomic contribution, and exploration of innovation cases with no study investigating informality and its underlying causes and solutions, and business performance-enhancing factors of NTFPs-based enterprises. This thesis addresses this gap by characterising informality and performance-enhancing factors of baobab MSMEs in Malawi. Specifically, it (i) characterises informality in the baobab processing and marketing sector, (ii) identifies the underlying causes of, and policy measures to addressing (in)formality in the sector, (iii) determines the effect of entrepreneurial motivation and adoption of business practices on the performance of informal baobab enterprises, and (iv) assesses innovation capacity and its role in the innovation performance of baobab enterprises. The thesis draws on a survey of 305 informal baobab enterprises, and qualitative interviews of 22 baobab enterprises in four interrelated studies to address the question: what are the characteristics of informality and performance-enhancing factors of baobab enterprises? In the first study (Chapter 2), the results revealed that the baobab sector is characterised by three classes of informal enterprises: high performance-survival phase enterprises (type 1), moderate performance-survival phase enterprises (type 2), and low performance-start-up phase enterprises (type 3). The three typologies of informal enterprises exhibit a dual segment consisting of an upper- and lower-tier informal enterprises. The upper-tier informal enterprises (types 1 and 2) demonstrate higher financial performance, driven more by opportunity motivation, and implement good business practices compare to the lower-tier enterprises (type 3). Exploring the underlying causes of, and potential policy measures for (in)formality in the second study (Chapter 3), high cost of formality, uncertainty about formalisation benefits, low level of economic development, and lax enforcement of business regulatory laws were identified as causes of informality. Reducing the cost of formality, improving human capital, and coupling information campaigns with ‘incentivised’ registration are measures found to address (in)formality in the industry. Contrary to literature, ‘increasing punishment’ was deemed an less effective in address informality. On business performance-enhancing factors, the third study (Chapter 4) showed that opportunity motivation mediated by the adoption of good business practices such as financial planning, marketing, and costing and record keeping positively influence financial performance while, the fourth study (Chapter 5) identified configuration of ten resources and capabilities (synthesised into innovation capacity framework) that foster innovation performance of baobab enterprises. Overall, this thesis contributes to literature on informal entrepreneurship, and SMEs’ innovation performance by showing that a segment of informal MSMEs driven by opportunity motivation and adoption of good business practices demonstrates the potential for good performance and growth; and that increasing the benefit of formality rather than the cost of informality can address firm (in)formality in the baobab industry. The innovation capacity framework developed provides a framework for fostering innovation performance of NTFPs- based SMEs. The findings about potential measures that can address firm (in)formality, and business performance (financial and innovation)-enhancing factors demonstrate specific avenues that policymakers and entrepreneurs could invest in to enhance the competitiveness of not only the baobab sector but also other forest product-based industries in developing and emerging economies.
Keywords: Non-timber forest products; Entrepreneurship; Financial and innovation performance; Micro, small and medium enterprises; Innovation; Informality