Smallholder vanilla agroforestry in Madagascar: biodiversity, ecosystem services and yields in a land-use context
by Dominic A. Dr. Martin
Date of Examination:2021-02-11
Date of issue:2021-03-18
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft
Referee:Prof. Dr. Holger Kreft
Referee:Prof. Dr. Dirk Hölscher
Referee:Prof. Dr. Jörg Ganzhorn
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Abstract
English
Land-use change threatens biodiversity and ecosystem services worldwide. Tropical areas are currently particularly affected: natural ecosystems are being transformed into large-scale monocultures or small-scale mosaic landscapes characterized by smallholder agriculture. In both cases, the conversion of natural ecosystems into agriculturally used areas can greatly increase yield, at least in the short term. A rapid change in land use is currently taking place in north-eastern Madagascar, driven by two main factors: the cultivation of rice through shifting cultivation and the conversion of forests and fallow land into vanilla agroforestry. The result of these processes is a small-scale and very heterogeneous agricultural landscape. This dissertation shows what this land-use change means for biodiversity and ecosystem services, how realized harvests and profitability influence land use decisions, and where there are opportunities for nature con-servation through targeted policy interventions in north-eastern Madagascar. Importantly, this is a greatly under-researched topic, given that research on the conservation value of converted lands in Madagascar is still in its infancy. Indeed, nearly nothing has been pub-lished on biodiversity, ecosystem services, and yields in vanilla agroforests. To compare different forms of land use, we selected 80 plots in 10 villages and in Marojejy National Park where we collected a large part of the biodiversity and ecosystem service data that underpins this dissertation. The seven land-use types were old-growth forest, forest fragment, forest-derived vanilla agroforestry, fallow-derived vanilla agroforestry, herba-ceous fallow, woody fallow, and rice paddy. To obtain more precise data on tree dynamics and harvests in vanilla agroforests, we additionally researched a chronosequence with 209 vanilla agroforests. Furthermore, this thesis also contains a review on the importance of considering land-use history for biodiversity and ecosystem services in agroforestry sys-tems (Chapter 2). There are three principal findings: firstly, species communities of birds (Chapters 3 & 4), reptiles and amphibians (Chapter 5) differ greatly between land-use types and that old-growth forest is irreplaceable for many species, especially the endemic ones. Secondly, vanilla agroforestry systems offer conservation opportunities, especially if established on fal-low land instead of inside forest (Chapters 3 - 9). Thirdly, vanilla harvests in agroforestry systems are independent of canopy cover, making vanilla cultivation in tree-rich agroforests feasible, thereby reaping the associated benefits for biodiversity and ecosystem ser-vices without yield costs (Chapters 7 & 8). This dissertation thus provides a major advancement of our understanding of biodiversity change and ecosystem services in the agricultural smallholder landscape of north-eastern Madagascar. It also sheds some first light on the complex interplay between land-use history, shade trees, and management practices in determining vanilla yields in vanilla agroforests. Lastly, this thesis also provides a conceptual advancement of the field, by identifying the importance of land-use history in determining biodiversity and ecosystem services in tropical agroforests.
Keywords: agroforestry; Madagascar; land system science; vanilla; biodiversity; shifting cultivation; ecosystem services; land use; tropical