The DNA damage kinases MK2, Chk1 and the chromatin remodeling factor CHD8 determine the cellular outcome after replicative stress and DNA damage
by Anna Maria Binkowski
Date of Examination:2021-04-15
Date of issue:2021-03-26
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Matthias Dobbelstein
Referee:Prof. Dr. Matthias Dobbelstein
Referee:PD Dr. Elisabeth Heßmann
Referee:Prof. Dr. Thomas Meyer
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Abstract
English
DNA damage occurs and accumulates in every cell and is cause and consequence of cancerogenesis. Massive induction of exogenous DNA damage has its use in chemotherapy as it causes growth arrest and apoptosis in malignant cells. The cellular response to replicative stress and DNA damage consists of a signaling network called DNA damage response. The chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog selectively acting during S-phase of the cell cycle and therefore affects mainly highly proliferative cells like in tumors. Its main application is the treatment of pancreatic cancer, which is characterized by poor therapeutic response and fast development of chemoresistance. Manipulating DNA damage and repair pathways in order to sensitize tumors to this drug has been part of many clinical trials. The knockdown or inhibition of the DNA damage effector kinase Chk1 highly activates the DNA damage response and apoptosis. Another kinase, MK2, was previously identified in our lab as antagonist of Chk1 in the response to DNA replicative stress caused by gemcitabine. In the first part of this work, the antagonism of the two kinases MK2 and Chk1 was established as determinant of the sensitivity to gemcitabine in a variety of pancreatic cancer cell lines. Interestingly, the inhibition of Chk1 induces apoptosis only in one cell line while it mediates chemoresistance to gemcitabine in the others. This remarkable observation adds a new aspect to the criticism of Chk1 inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. The second part of this work focuses on identifying new determinants of the gemcitabine response. To this end, a high throughput screen in gemcitabine-treated pancreatic cancer cells was performed using RNA-interference to deplete cells of 551 gene products which have a previously assigned function in the DNA damage response and genomic integrity. The screen identified the chromatin remodeling factor CHD8 to protect cells from the early consequences of gemcitabine treatment. Its knockdown causes the accumulation of DNA damage and apoptosis markers after replicative stress induced by gemcitabine and ultraviolet radiation as well as after DNA double strand breaks induced by neocarzinostatin. In contrast to these seemingly chemosensitizing effects, cells depleted of CHD8 obtained a growth advantage through faster recovery after gemcitabine treatment. The transcriptional expression of a number of factors involved in the DNA damage response was found to be influenced by CHD8, as demonstrated by microarray analysis. These effects are independent of the presence or functionality of the tumor suppressor p53, whose mRNA expression as well as protein levels are diminished in CHD8-depleted cells. Remarkably, CHD8-depletion can also reduce the abundance of oncogenic mutant p53. This is of clinical relevance because there are only few ways known to achieve this reduction. In summary, we identify CHD8 as a modulator of chemosensitivity with influence on the expression of central DNA damage response genes.
Keywords: DNA damage; CHD8; Chk1; MK2; Gemcitabine; Chromatin remodelling; chemotherapy; replicative stress; pankreatic cancer; p53