The phoshorus and nitrogen nutrition of European beech under a future warmer and drier climate: climate chamber experiments and transect studies
von Julia Köhler
Datum der mündl. Prüfung:2022-03-21
Erschienen:2023-03-13
Betreuer:Prof. Dr. Ina Christin Meier
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Ina Christin Meier
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Christoph Leuschner
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Christian Ammer
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Hermann Behling
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Erwin Bergmeier
Gutachter:Prof. Dr. Dirk Hölscher
Dateien
Name:Dissertation Julia Köhler_eDiss.pdf
Size:6.84Mb
Format:PDF
Zusammenfassung
Englisch
Productivity of temperate forests may increasingly be limited by phosphorus (P) shortage, as indicated by decreasing P concentrations and increasing nitrogen (N):P ratios in leaves and fine roots and reports on recent growth reductions that appear to be caused by P limitation. The predicted increases in temperatures and a shift in seasonal precipitation patterns toward higher winter and lower summer precipitation with a higher frequency of drought events in combination with continued high atmospheric N deposition are likely to further alter soil nutrient dynamics, especially the cycling of the two main limiting nutrients, P and N. A future warmer and drier climate combined with higher soil N availability is also thought to influence biochemical cycles, with potential consequences for the amount of carbon (C) sequestered in forest soils and the quantity of mineralized N. At the same time, there is a lack of knowledge about the response of ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF), which are the most important fungal symbionts for temperate forest ecosystems, to global change. In order to improve predictions on the P and N nutrition of temperate forest ecosystems under global change, a combined observational and experimental study with mature trees and saplings of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) was conducted. European beech is the dominant native tree species of Central Europe’s temperate forest biome, with high economic importance in many countries. To investigate the effect of climatic drought and N deposition on soil C and N dynamics, notably soil respiration rate and net N mineralization rate in their seasonal change, a transect study with 11 mature beech forests along a precipitation (855–576 mm yr-1) and temperature gradient (8.7–9.4°C) on sandy to sandy-loamy glacial substrates in northern Germany was conducted. To enable sound predictions about the P nutrition of European beech under the conditions of altered climate and elevated N deposition at different levels of soil P availability, a four-factorial climate chamber experiment (2 temperature x 3 soil moisture x 2 N supply x 3 P supply levels; 36 treatments in total) was conducted to investigate their effect on various morphological and physiological parameters of beech saplings. A focus of this experiment in highly controllable walk-in chambers was on the morphological and physiological adaptations of beech to decreasing plant-available P in the course of increasing N fertilization, i.e., an increasing P limitation, and to increasing soil desiccation. Furthermore, the purpose of this climate chamber experiment was to identify the role of ECMF community composition and diversity on the P and N nutrition of European beech saplings at ambient climatic conditions and expected global change conditions. In mature beech forests, decreasing precipitation and increasing temperature enhanced soil respiration in summer but decreased net N mineralization. Here, increasing temperatures combined with an increasing summer drought frequency and intensity have the potential to increase soil C loss and decrease C sequestration potential and soil N availability in beech forests on sandy to sandy-loamy soils. In a future warmer and drier climate, sandy soils are more prone to C losses than loam-richer soils. Further results suggest that N deposition might attenuate these effects by enhancing N cycling and curtailing C cycling. Beech saplings could increase their efficiencies in P uptake and use in response to low soil P availability. This demonstrates that under current environmental conditions, the physiological adaptations of beech saplings to P-limiting conditions are sufficient to circumvent negative P-limitation effects and allow maximum growth even when photosynthetic capacity and plant tissue P concentrations are low. Furthermore, beech saplings are capable of adjusting their N uptake efficiency to soil N availability, thereby stabilizing plant tissue N concentrations. ECMF symbiosis enhances the P nutrition of beech saplings. Higher ECMF diversity and species richness have been shown to increase the efficiencies of P uptake as well as N use under ambient environmental conditions. By contrast, P use efficiencies were a direct (negative) function of soil P availability and not of ECMF diversity. Higher temperatures combined with reduced soil water availability deteriorated the physiological adaptations of beech saplings to P limitation, i.e., disturbed the adjustment of plant stoichiometry in response to increased soil N availability. This increased plant tissue N:P ratios and induced P imbalances, which had negative effects on beech sapling productivity and the P and N economy. Drought reduced ECMF colonization and diversity and shifted the ECMF community from a higher portion of fungi with contact (and some long-distance) exploration towards a higher portion of fungi with short- or medium-distance soil exploration. This likely reduces the complementarity of P uptake by ECMF species. As a consequence of decreases in ECMF diversity, P uptake efficiency decreased when soil moisture was limited. Independent of the soil N:P ratios, the N use efficiency in dry soil was then significantly reduced due to a combination of limited P uptake efficiency, i.e., a soil drought-induced relative P deficiency, limited N uptake efficiency, and reduced photosynthetic C fixation. These results emphasize that decreased summer precipitation and increased temperature in combination with continued high N deposition in the course of global change will result in nutrient imbalances, alter the P and N nutrition of European beech in the next decades, and have the potential to disturb positive mycorrhiza-plant interactions, with negative consequences for the future growth and productivity of F. sylvatica. This study highlights the importance of ECMF for the P and N nutrition of European beech and the need to further advance our mechanistic understanding of the interactions between ECMF and root functioning.
Keywords: drought, ectomycorrhizal fungi, Fagus sylvatica, global change, nitrogen deposition, phosphorus limitation, precipitation gradient, uptake efficiency, use efficiency