Identification of factors involved in cell wall homeostasis and tolerance towards quaternary ammonium compounds in Listeria monocytogenes by genomic adaptation
Doctoral thesis
Date of Examination:2023-05-11
Date of issue:2023-06-20
Advisor:Dr. Jeanine Rismondo
Referee:Prof. Dr. Rolf Daniel
Referee:Prof. Dr. Carsten Lüder
Referee:Prof. Dr. Gerhard Braus
Referee:PD Dr. Michael Hoppert
Referee:Prof. Dr. Stefan Pöhlmann
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Abstract
English
Listeria monocytogenes is one of the most successful food-borne pathogens worldwide. Despite available treatment with cell wall targeting antibiotics an infection with concomitant development of listeriosis results in death in approximately 13% of the cases. Hence, the cell wall has been subject to extensive studies due to its potential as a target for novel drugs. Nevertheless, various involved factors are still uncharacterized, and how the associated pathways are interconnected and communicate with each other remains elusive. L. monocytogenes outbreaks are often associated with strains that are tolerant towards quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), the active agent in disinfectants, which is commonly applied to prevent contamination. The underlying genomics of QAC adaptation are poorly understood and studies often solely focus on tolerance towards benzalkonium chloride (BAC). In our study we employed an intensive in-depth suppressor screen to A) investigate the potential role of the putative ABC transporter EslABC in cell wall biosynthesis, lysozyme resistance and cell division and B) identify mechanisms that confer tolerance towards the two QACs BAC and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The identification of mutations in a strain lacking the transmembrane protein EslB revealed an involvement of the transporter in several processes associated with cell wall homeostasis. Phenotypic defects of the ΔeslB strain, such as sensitivity towards lysozyme or a cell division defect, could be rescued via different mechanisms, including increased production of peptidoglycan (PG) biosynthesis as well as reduced PG hydrolysis. We hypothesised that the phenotypes are a consequence of a combination of several disrupted processes associated with cell wall homeostasis that potentially result from altered levels or availability of UDP-GlcNAc. This is demonstrated by reduced PG levels established in a thinner cell wall, as well as an overall more negative surface charge that enables increased binding and activity of cationic compounds such as lysozyme and hydrolases. Altogether EslB is a prime example which demonstrates that the loss of a single factor can have implementations on various crucial processes, highlighting the intricate nature of communication and harmonization of cell wall associated pathways. The second part of the thesis revealed that the EGD-e wildtype strain readily adapts to BAC and CTAB stress predominantly via mutations that result in overexpression of the efflux systems FepA and SugE1/2, respectively. FepA seems to have a higher affinity for BAC, while SugE1/2 is the main system for CTAB tolerance. Interestingly, fepA associated mutations additionally conferred resistance towards gentamycin and ciprofloxacin, raising the question if it is more beneficial to use CTAB as the active agent in disinfectants to avoid cross-adaptation. Altogether, this study revealed the underlying mechanisms responsible for CTAB and BAC adaptation in L. monocytogenes.
Keywords: Listeria monocytogenes; transporter; cell wall; lysozyme resistance; antibiotic resistance; quaternary ammonium compounds; EslABC