Smallholders in highland regions of Southeast Asia: Agricultural land-use transitions, farmer risk preferences, the effects of poor vision on economic farm performance, and a note on scientific publishing in the field of development studies
by Frederik Sagemüller
Date of Examination:2023-04-27
Date of issue:2023-06-27
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Oliver Mußhoff
Referee:Prof. Dr. Marcela Ibanez
Referee:Prof. Dr. Dr. Daniel Hermann
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Abstract
English
Smallholders play an important role in feeding a growing world population and contributing to the eradication of hunger and poverty. It is estimated that there are more than 475 million smallholders in the world and recent research shows that globally, smallholders are responsible for around 30 percent of total crop production. One hotspot region of smallholder farming systems is Southeast Asia (SEA) (Cohn et al., 2017). In contrast to the success story of the Green Revolution, which was mainly achieved in the highly productive areas in the SEA lowlands, the agricultural development in marginalized highland regions of SEA lags behind, with stagnating or even worsening poverty and environmental degradation (Rosegrant & Hazell, 2000). Recent developments in the region show widespread and rapid adoption of cash crops like cassava, coffee, maize or rubber. Depending on the context, adoption of these cash crops yield varied socioeconomic outcomes. These can range from extremes of rapid socioeconomic differentiation, polarization and dispossession, to inclusive patterns of development (Cramb et al., 2017; Euler et al., 2017; Fox & Castella, 2013b; Mahanty & Milne, 2016; Vicol et al, 2018). Presently, we lack a sufficiently deep understanding of the underlying drivers of positive or negative socioeconomic outcomes. To add knowledge to the existing body of literature, the present dissertation contains three case studies on smallholder production systems from the highland regions of SEA. Furthermore, we present a study that is not directly related to smallholders, but rather takes a reflective gaze on scientific practice, in the belief that open access to scientific information is a cornerstone in delivering impact at scale through science. In the first study, we discern the linkages between land use change and plot-level and household-level characteristics by contrasting these developments in a subsistence-oriented site and a market-oriented site. We find that land use dynamics vary strongly between the sites. In the subsistence-oriented site, 66 percent of the land use types were completely replaced during the past 10 years. In the market-oriented site, only 15 percent of land use types were replaced. The associated key drivers of land use change also differed significantly: while market orientation of agricultural products was the main driver behind land use changes in the market-oriented site, mostly agronomic challenges like slope, soil tillage and agrochemical input use are associated to land use change in the subsistence-oriented site. In the second study, we analyze risk preferences of smallholders in Cambodia and Lao PDR with an incentivized lottery design under the framework of Expected Utility Theory (EUT), Rank Dependent Utility Theory (RDU) and Cumulative Prospect Theory (CPT) and test the effect of household shocks on these risk preferences, specifically aversion to losses. First, we find that including loss aversion is essential in describing smallholder preferences. Second, we find that household shocks increase loss aversion. The third study examines the prevalence of poor vision among rural smallholders in Cambodia and investigates if poor vision is associated with a loss in agricultural profitability of family-owned farms. First, we find that almost 30 percent of farmers in our sample suffer from poor vision. Second, we find that farmers with poor vision lose farm profits in comparison to farmers with good vision. We obtain robust results that estimate forgone profits in the range of 630 USD/year associated with having poor vision. Lastly, the fourth study screens through 28 million download logs of the pirate website Sci-Hub. We look for downloads of papers in the field of development studies and we lay out trends for Sci-Hub use in this discipline, including geographic location of downloads and socioeconomic drivers. We find that Sci-Hub is used the most by researchers from the Global South, primarily from middle-income countries; whereas researchers from the poorest countries in the data set use Sci-Hub the least. Open access to research outputs is important for knowledge-building and effective policy development to reach the ambitious goals of the development agenda.
Keywords: Agriculture; Smallholders; Preferences; Risk; Land use transitions; Loss aversion; Sci-Hub; Eyesight; Southeast Asia; Household shocks