Correlated phases in the vicinity of tunable van Hove singularities in Bernal bilayer graphene
by Anna Monika Seiler
Date of Examination:2023-06-13
Date of issue:2023-08-18
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Thomas Weitz
Referee:Prof. Dr. Thomas Weitz
Referee:Prof. Dr. Claus Ropers
Referee:ChunNing Lau
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Abstract
English
The naturally occurring Bernal bilayer graphene exhibits a complex low-energy band structure hosting electric-field-controlled Lifshitz transitions and van Hove singularities. The diverging density of states is predicted to give rise to interaction-induced phenomena. However, signs of correlated phases mediated by these van Hove singularities in Bernal bilayer graphene have been elusive so far. To find and explore correlated states, high-quality encapsulated Bernal bilayer graphene devices are fabricated and electrical transport measurements are performed at millikelvin temperatures. A dual-gate structure allows to tune the charge carrier density and the electric displacement field across the two layers simultaneously. First, the trigonally warped low-energy Fermi surface topology of unbiased Bernal bilayer graphene is experimentally uncovered. By analyzing the Landau level spectrum, it is revealed that the band structure of Bernal bilayer graphene consists of four electron-hole asymmetric mini Dirac cones with a truly linear energy dispersion. Applying a finite electric displacement field deforms the band structure: a band gap opens, the mini Dirac cones transform into parabolically-dispersed pockets, and the center cone is inverted. The latter results in the formation of an inner electron-like pocket in the valence band of Bernal bilayer graphene and produces multiple Lifshitz transitions and concomitant van Hove singularities. Near the Lifshitz transitions, correlated Stoner half and quarter metal phases are identified. More prominently, signatures consistent with a competing topologically non-trivial Wigner-Hall crystal, a topologically trivial Wigner crystal and two correlated metals whose behavior deviates from standard Fermi liquids are reported at zero magnetic field. Lastly, interaction-driven phases of Stoner-type are revealed near the conduction band edge of strongly biased Bernal bilayer graphene where the energy bands are flatter, and the density of states is larger compared to hole doped Bernal bilayer graphene. Here, a transition of the Stoner metals into a spin- and valley-polarized correlated insulator and a spin-polarized insulator is revealed at low magnetic fields. These correlated phases are consistent with either charge density waves or Wigner crystals. All in all, the measurements presented within this thesis reveal that the simple Bernal bilayer graphene hosts intriguing correlated phases in the vicinity of tunable van Hove singularities. These results open a new chapter for studying strongly interacting electrons using the platform of Bernal bilayer graphene.
Keywords: Graphene; Correlated Phases; Bernal bilayer graphene