Studie zur Rolle N-trunkierter Amyloid-β-Peptide bei der Alzheimer-Krankheit
Study to the role of N-Truncated amyloid-β peptides in Alzheimer's disease
by Nicolai Maurice-Etienne Gießen
Date of Examination:2019-10-22
Date of issue:2019-10-15
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Thomas A. Bayer
Referee:Prof. Dr. Hubertus Jarry
Referee:Prof. Dr. Martin Oppermann
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Abstract
English
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative progressive disease, characterized by extracellular amyloid accumulation, neurofibrillary tangles and neuron loss. N-terminally truncated Aβ4-42 and pyroglutamate Aβ3-42 (AβpE3-42) as well as the full-length Aβ peptides Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 are major Aβ variants in AD brains. N-truncated Aβ variants show significantly higher aggregation potential compared to full-length Aβ in vitro. The neurotoxic and neurodegenerative effect was also observed in vivo in previous studies. Tg4-42 mice express human Aβ4-42 without developing any tau- or plaque pathology. In this mouse model, the level of steadily decreasing intraneuronal Aβ expression correlates well with neuron loss seen in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. In addition, the chronic burden of Aβ4-42 causes significant deficits in spatial working memory. Also TBA42 mice, only expressing AβpE3-42, show a rapidly advancing AD behavioral pathology with age-dependent loss of neurons in the hippocampus. In the present work additional data to the Tg4-42 mouse model could be collected. Intraneuronal Aβ expression was detected in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, the striatum and the piriform cortex area. A stereological quantification of neuron numbers of 6 month old Tg4-42 homozygous transgenic mice showed a significant neuron loss of -38% compared to wild-type animals. In contrast, analyzes of the striatum and piriform cortex revealed no differences in neuron numbers. In addition, the activity of microglia with and without treatment with NT4X, an antibody specific to N-truncated Aβ peptides, was examined in the cortex area of 6 month old Tg4-42 homozygous animals. DAB immunohistochemistry showed a significant treatment effect with NT4X. Whereas the activity of microglia in untreated animals increased by +34%, passive immunization with NT4X reduced microgliosis by -32%. Accordingly, treatment with NT4X achieved a level of activated microglia assumed to be normal in wild-type animals. The newly generated mouse model, the bigen mouse model, allows accurate analysis of the effects of co-expression of Aβ4-42 and AβpE3-42 for the first time. As previously described, bigenic mice were generated by crossing the TBA42 and Tg4-42 mouse models. In previous studies Bigenics not only show sensori-motor deficits correlating with an intra- and extracellular amyloid accumulation in the spinal cord, but also highly reduced anxiety levels. Additionally, in the present work the influence of the combination of both peptides to the number of neurons could be investigated for the first time. The number of neurons of homo- and hemizygous 3 and 6 month old Tg4-42 and TBA42 mice were compared with same-aged bigenic mice. A significant age- and genotype dependent neuron loss in the CA1 region was shown. At the age of 3 months, the neuron numbers in bigenic mice decreased by - 42% compared to the wild-type. At the age of 6 months, a progress of loss of neurons in the CA1 region was up to - 47% in Bigenics compared to wild-type animals. Overall, neuronloss was more pronounced in both 3 and 6 month old Bigenics than in the same aged homozygous (and hemizygous) control groups. In summary, the observations demonstrate that N-truncated Aβ variants, whether taken alone or in co-expression, have distinct toxic properties and play a crucial role in Alzheimer’s disease. All the more the investigated Aβ peptides might represent a possible target in therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease.
Keywords: N-truncated Aβ; Alzheimer's disease