Structure and Mechanics of Neuronal Model Systems
Insights from Atomic Force Microscopy and Micropipette Aspiration
by Marian Vache
Date of Examination:2019-04-09
Date of issue:2019-11-15
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Andreas Janshoff
Referee:Prof. Dr. Andreas Janshoff
Referee:Dr. Franziska Thomas
Referee:Dr. Florian Rehfeldt
Referee:Prof. Dr. Silvio O. Rizzoli
Referee:Prof. Dr. Carolin Wichmann
Referee:Prof. Dr. Bert De Groot
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Abstract
English
Neurons of advanced animals need fast and efficient mechanisms to enable the functionality of a complex nervous system. In the life cycle of synaptic vesicles this is reflected in the endocytosis which generates new vesicles, the uptake of neurotransmitters and the fusion reaction which finally releases the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft to propagate the signal to the next cell. Despite considerable effort, many processes and functions in this cycle still need to be unravelled. As a contribution to that aim, this thesis describes the investigation of neuronal model systems. In the first project, plasma membrane sheets derived from PC12 cells were investigated by atomic force microscopy to obtain topographic images for stating generally on the heterogeneity of their surface. Furthermore, it was attempted to infer the distribution of syntaxin 1 inside the membrane sheets by molecular recognition imaging employing conventional antibodies and nanobodies coupled to the tip of atomic force microscopy cantilevers. A heterogeneous structure of the membrane sheets was observed in atomic force microscopy height images. The molecular recognition imaging experiments did not yield specific interactions which could be discriminated from the vast amount of unspecific interactions and the latter were also found in control experiments. The unspecific interaction events were revealed to be distributed non-homogeneously on the membrane sheets. In the second project the influence of the synaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin on the mechanical moduli of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and on their general behaviour was investigated by micropipette aspiration. To this end, a micropipette aspiration device was successfully implemented and the software necessary for the analysis was developed. The area compressibility moduli, the bending modulus, the maximum apparent area strain and the maximum membrane tension did not show significant differences between GUVs containing synaptophysin and those containing synaptobrevin or pure lipid vesicles. This might be attributed to the low amount of reliable data. However, GUVs containing synaptophysin are more prone to fission during aspiration. GUVs containing proteins and especially those containing synaptophysin were found to lose volume while maintaining their surface area additionally to the fission events possibly indicating the formation of a channel.
Keywords: Atomic Force Microscopy; Micropipette Aspiration; Molecular Recognition; Clustering; Biophysics; Neurobiology; Mechanics; PC12 Cells; Membrane Sheets; Model Systems; Giant Unilamellar Vesicles; Syntaxin; Synaptophysin