Sprechmotorische Planung bei stotternden Erwachsenen und flüssig sprechenden Kontrollpersonen
Speech dynamics are coded in the left motor cortex in fluent speakers but not in adults who stutter
by Thi Ngoc Linh Hoang
Date of Examination:2020-06-09
Date of issue:2020-05-27
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Martin Sommer
Referee:Prof. Dr. Christiane Kiese-Himmel
Referee:PD Dr. Arno Olthoff
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Abstract
English
Fluent speaking requires the dynamic interaction of several areas of the brain, especially the primary motor cortex, which coordinate the interplay of lips, tongue, palate, soft palate, larynx and respiratory muscles. In stuttering, this interaction and the motor control seem to be disturbed. Consequently, people who stutter have a transition problem of smoothly changing from the first syllable to the next. The aim of this study was to investigate the modulation of excitability of the primary motor cortex during a speaking task. We wondered how excitability changes in the transition phase between speech planning and speech execution as well as during the prolongation of a fixed labiodental articulatory configuration of German words starting with the prefix “auf”, for example “aufstehen, aufbleiben”. Finally, we wondered if the pattern of excitability differs between people who stutter and fluent-speakers. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over the left and right primary motor cortex was used to record bilateral motor evoked potentials (MEPs) by means of electromyography. The amplitude of the MEPs reflects cortical excitation. This study examines the change in cortical excitability of the speech organ, i.e. the tongue muscles. Data were obtained from 13 adults who stutter and 13 fluent-speakers. Fluentspeakers showed a significantly increased activity in the left hemisphere in the transition phase between two speech movements (p=0,009). In contrast, people who stutter have a lack of left-hemisphere facilitation. Even though orofacial muscles are innervated by both hemispheres, the result of our study suggests that speech motor planning is mainly controlled by the left orofacial motor cortex. This left-sided dominance of speech motor-planning is missing in persons who stutter and therefore might reflect an underlying physiopathological mechanism in stuttering.
Keywords: stuttering; motor control; primary motor cortex; transcranial magnetic stimulation; motor evoked potentials