Pathogen-induced cell wall remodeling and production of Danger Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)
by Sina Barghahn
Date of Examination:2020-03-26
Date of issue:2020-08-25
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Volker Lipka
Referee:Prof. Dr. Volker Lipka
Referee:Dr. Till Ischebeck
Referee:Prof. Dr. Harry Brumer
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Abstract
English
For a plant pathogen, overcoming the plant cell wall is crucial for a successful infection. Thus, pathogens evolved different strategies to invade their host plants. These include entry through natural openings such as stomata and wounds or direct penetration of plant cell walls with specialised invasion structures that generate high pressure as well as cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs). CWDEs can be classified into different groups according to their potential function and include e.g. Glycoside Hydrolases (GHs), which are implicated in the hydrolysis of glycosidic linkages in complex carbohydrates such as the plant cell wall component cellulose. GHs have been shown to be involved in pathogenicity of hemibiotrophic and necrotophic plant-pathogenic fungi. However, the role of GHs in biotrophic plant-pathogenic fungi has not been elucidated so far. The first part of the present study focused on the identification and functional characterization of GH17 family members of the powdery mildew Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh) that may contribute to pathogenicity due to a transcriptional induction during infection of immunocompromised Arabidopsis plants. Of these, Bgh GH17 protein BGH06777 was successfully expressed in the heterologous system P. pastoris, purified and functionally characterized. The glycosylated enzyme showed optimal activity at pH 5.5 in a temperature range from 25°C - 51°C and hydrolysed β 1,3 glucans with a minimum length of four glucose residues. The catalytic efficiencies for hydrolysis of the β 1,3 glucan hexamer and pentamer were 1.858 mM-1 s-1 and 0.3836 mM-1 s-1, respectively. 18O labelling of the products revealed that the enzyme contains at least six substrate binding sites comprised of four negative and two positive subsites. In conclusion, the detailed biochemical characterization conducted in this study suggests that BGH06777 might degrade β-1,3-glucans present in plant papillae, however, the exact function and localization of this protein remains to be shown. Plants are able to perceive potential pathogens through the recognition of conserved non-self microbial structures, so-called pathogen or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs), at the plant surface via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Furthermore, plants can detect self molecules that are only abundant upon cell damage or wounding, which are called damage or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Both, MAMP or DAMP recognition triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the induction of defence responses. It is conceivable to postulate that the activity of CWDEs results in the release of cell-wall derived oligosaccharides with DAMP capacity. Thus, the second part of this study aimed at identifying novel cell-wall derived DAMPs and molecular components of the corresponding plant perception and signaling machinery. As a major result of this work, mixed linkage glucan (MLG) oligosaccharides were shown to trigger immune responses in the dicot model plant Arabidopsis and the monocot barley. The MLG-induced responses were similar to plant responses to the well-characterized MAMPs and DAMPs chitin, flg22 and OGs. In contrast to other MAMPs and DAMPs, MLG oligosaccharides did not elicit a detectable generation of reactive oxygen species or affect seedling growth in Arabidopsis. MLGs are abundant cell wall components of monocot grasses, e.g. barley, and the plant pathogenic fungus Rhynchosporium commune (formerly R. secalis) but are absent in the dicot model plant Arabidopsis. Thus, MLG oligosaccharides might function in a plant-species specific manner as MAMP or DAMP (or both). A reverse genetic screen conducted with a collection of known DAMP/MAMP receptor and co-receptor mutants revealed that MLG perception and downstream signaling is likely to involve so far unknown molecular components.
Keywords: cell wall degrading enzymes; glycoside hydrolase; plant immunity; MAMP