Geoecological analysis of forest distribution and post-disturbance tree regrowth in the forest-steppe of central Mongolia
by Florian Schneider
Date of Examination:2020-10-29
Date of issue:2021-09-09
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Daniela Sauer
Referee:Prof. Dr. Daniela Sauer
Referee:Prof. Dr. Hermann Behling
Referee:Dr. Michael Klinge
Referee:Prof. Dr. Heiko Faust
Referee:Dr. Daniel Wyss
Referee:Dr. Stefan Erasmi
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Abstract
English
The Mongolian forest-steppe is an ecotone at the transition between the Siberian Taiga in the north and the Gobi Desert in the south. The highly continental, semiarid climate magnifies the importance of water availability for tree vegetation. Forests exclusively appear on northern slopes, due to less evapotranspiration, while the majority of surfaces in the area is covered by grass vegetation. Drought-induced growth reduction and increased tree mortality, intensified by climate change, was frequently observed in the forest-steppe during the last decades. Furthermore, forest fires and forest use, in particular logging and forest grazing, considerably reduced the forest distribution and affected the forest structure. Field investigations showed that severely disturbed forest stands, e.g. by fire or clear-cutting, do not recover equally under apparently similar conditions, ranging from quick tree regrowth to no regrowth of trees at all. It is obligatory to investigate the geoecological factors to understand the recovery pattern and the current development of the forest vegetation in the Mongolian forest-steppe. Therefore, two objectives were aimed in this research as follows: (1) to evaluate the forest vitality, and to determine the forest distribution and the specific requirements for tree growth in the northern Khangai Mountains, situated in the forest-steppe of central Mongolia, (2) to identify the difference in the site-specific conditions, including soil- and permafrost analyses, of healthy forest stands and disturbed forests with and without tree regrowth. A set of methods on different spatial scales was used to investigate this environment comprehensively. Remote sensing and GIS techniques were applied on Landsat, TanDEM-X and Sentinel satellite images as well as on climate data to characterise the present and potential forest distribution. Those techniques supported the illustration and interpretation of the conducted measurements. A literature review on English, German and Russian literature was carried out to identify the plant-specific needs of Siberian larch, the predominant tree species of the Mongolian forest-steppe. During two field campaigns, 2017 and 2018, 54 soil profiles were analysed, sampled, and hydraulic soil parameters were measured. Moreover, the permafrost depth was analysed using soil profiles, drillings, temperature measurements and ground-penetrating radar. Soil samples were investigated for their physical, chemical and hydrological properties in the laboratory. Statistical procedures were applied to the measured data. The results indicated that the potential forest area in the northern Khangai Mountains is substantially larger than the present forests. Several fires diminished the forested area by more than 40 % compared to the distribution in 1986. Moreover, logging and grazing livestock opened the forest structure and notably reduced the forest stands at their lower boundary. Based on the findings of the review, fire can be considered as a minor issue for Siberian larch forests due to their quick recovery on burned sites. In contrast, intensified drought events and human impact severely threaten the tree vegetation of the Mongolian forest-steppe by increased tree mortality and hampered tree regrowth. The soil investigations of the disturbed sites in the study area showed that silt contents of sites with regrowth of trees are significantly higher compared to those without regrowth of trees. Measurements on plant-available field capacity proved this difference by higher capacity in soils of areas with regrowth. Chemical soil properties, such as carbon and nitrogen stocks, effective cation exchange capacity and exchangeable cations, could not prove any significant differences between post-disturbance regrowth and no regrowth. Therefore, soil hydrological properties, which increase the water availability for tree vegetation, are decisive for the tree regrowth on disturbed sites. The permafrost distribution strongly depends on the shadowing of closed vegetation, the thermal isolation by a thick organic layer and the water availability. Dense forest stands contained permafrost within a depth of 50 to 200 cm. On disturbed sites,xi permafrost was not encountered anymore. Thus, the discontinuous permafrost distribution is vanished after severe disturbance and does not influence the tree regrowth pattern. Based on the findings, it is concluded that water availability is the crucial factor for the tree regrowth pattern after disturbances in the Mongolian forest-steppe. However, the reestablishment of forest vegetation underlies other influences, in particular climate conditions and human impact. Regulating forest management is therefore needed to prevent a dramatic decline of forested areas in future.
Keywords: soil hydrology; permafrost; tree regrowth; forest-steppe; remote sensing; fire; climate change