Self-Organization and Mechanics of Minimal Actin Cortices attached to artificial Bilayers
by Markus Schön
Date of Examination:2018-09-27
Date of issue:2018-10-23
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Claudia Steinem
Referee:Prof. Dr. Claudia Steinem
Referee:Prof. Dr. Sarah Köster
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Abstract
English
One of the most versatile used protein structure in nature are actin filaments. They form contractile structures, like muscle fibrils, as well as complex network structures like the cellular cortex. The actin cortex is responsible for the shape, stability, mobility and further functions of the cell, which is realized by an interplay with over 100 accessory proteins. Concerning the shape and the mobility of cells, the connection between the actin cortex and the plasma membrane plays a pivotal role, which can be established by proteins of the ERM (ezrin-radixin-moesin) protein family. A vast number of proteins contribute to the variety of functions making it difficult to investigate the impact of the complex system’s single components. To reduce the complexity, an artificial minimal actin cortex (MAC) was created, consisting of a lipid bilayer, the physiological linker protein ezrin and an F-actin network. A dependency of the network density on the receptor lipid L-α-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns[4,5]P2) concentration in the membrane was found using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Denser F-actin networks were observed, using a higher surface coverage of ezrin, induced by a higher concentration of PtdIns[4,5]P2 lipids. The network’s height and the lateral fluidity of the lipid bilayer remained unaffected by an altered ezrin surface coverage. Interestingly, a filament sorting effect caused by network attachment was observed, which is apparent in decreasing filament lengths at higher densities of provided membrane connections. In general, smaller filaments were found in MACs in contrast to 3D F-actin gels. To analyze the mechanical properties of MACs video particle tracking microrheology was performed. The overall stiffness of the network showed a 15-fold increase in contrast to 3D F-actin network gels. An increasing density of anchoring points, induced by a higher PtdIns[4,5]P2 concentration, raised the stiffness further, proving that the rheological properties are governed by attachment of the network to the membrane. Indentation experiments on pore spanning membranes performed by means of atomic force microscopy showed that the lateral tension of the lipid bilayer can be altered by F-actin attachment. The influence on the membrane tension is strongly dependent on the resulting network morphology. The developed and characterized MAC was then used as a tool to investigate the impact of the accessory proteins fascin and α-actinin on the network morphology and the cortex dynamics by means of CLSM without interference from other proteins. Both proteins showed a rearrangement of the MAC: α-actinin recruited actin from the flat MAC and established bundled, spider-web like structures on top of the flat F-actin cortex. Fascin bundled the actin networks showing increased filament lengths and a decreased network density. These results demonstrate that MACs physiologically attached via ezrin are dynamic enough to investigate the biological functions of single accessory proteins.
Keywords: Actin; Ezrin; Minimal Actin Cortex; Bottom up approach