Resolving Dopamine Secretion at Individual Varicosities using Carbon Nanotube-Based Optical Dopamine Nanosensors
by Sofia Elizarova
Date of Examination:2021-07-05
Date of issue:2021-07-23
Advisor:Prof. Dr. Nils Brose
Referee:Prof. Dr. Nils Brose
Referee:Prof. Dr. Tiago Fleming Outeiro
Files in this item
Name:THESIS_SUB_Elizarova.pdf
Size:32.9Mb
Format:PDF
Abstract
English
Dopamine (DA) is a neurotransmitter that controls vital brain functions such as motor control and motivation, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control DA release. Neurotransmission through DA differs substantially from well characterized neurotransmitters, such as glutamate. Dopaminergic secretion sites (varicosities) are functionally and structurally highly diverse, but the molecular basis for this diversity could not be examined to date due to the inability of existing methods to resolve DA secretion at individual release sites, especially across large varicosity populations. I circumvent this critical limitation using a layer comprised of individual small (0.7 nm x 200 nm) carbon nanotube-based nanosensors, that report local, nanomolar DA concentrations through reversible fluorescence increase (> 900 nm). I present an experimental strategy for the use of these sensors for the detection of DA secretion from long-term differentiated, primary dopaminergic cultures with high spatiotemporal resolution: “Adsorbed Nanosensors Detecting Release of Dopamine” (AndromeDA). AndromeDA combines a novel low-density, glia-free ventral midbrain neuron co-culture with a high-density nanosensor layer. At the same time, AndromeDA allows the identification of EGFP-labeled dopaminergic axons during live-cell imaging through a custom-built dual camera set up. Through imaging of millions of nanosensors in parallel, AndromeDA detects local DA secretion events from up to 100 varicosities simultaneously (hotspots), as well as DA diffusion through the extracellular space. AndromeDA facilitates, for the first time, the correlation of subcellular structures with local DA secretion events using a direct DA detection method, and allows the comparison of single release events across large varicosity populations with a temporal resolution similar to existing methods (15 data points/s). I validate that AndromeDA hotspots are representative of bona fide DA secretion events through spatio-temporal analysis and pharmacological tools. Using this new methodology, I confirm the previous proposition that action potential-evoked DA release is highly heterogeneous across individual release sites and occurs only at a subpopulation (~17%) of all varicosities. In addition, I show that AndromeDA can detect DA release mediated by spontaneous DAergic neuron activity, as well as rapid electrically evoked action potentials. Finally, I investigate the expression and functional role of Mammalian uncoordinated 13 (Munc13) priming proteins in dopaminergic neurons. I find, that only Munc13-1 is detectable by immunocytochemistry in dopaminergic active zones, and that deletion of Munc13-1 and -2 abolishes electrically evoked (but not KCl evoked) DA release, demonstrating that vesicle priming by Munc13 proteins is required for action potential mediated DA secretion. Imaging with AndromeDA is versatile and readily applicable to other in vitro systems, with an unprecedented ability to spatially correlate DA secretion events to presynaptic structures, which will enable a detailed dissection of the molecular mechanisms that give rise to the heterogeneity of the DA system.
Keywords: Dopamine; Nanotube; Nanosensor; Synapse